All right @anon89812132 @mithrial
Strangely enough the systemctl service could not be started, although it is present on my system. Now I’ve found this file, this became a little detail. I did a reboot and the system starts as it should.
Thank you very much.
$ sudo find / -iname "pulseaudio.service"
/usr/lib/systemd/user/pulseaudio.service
Sound Server-2: JACK v: 1.9.19 running: no
Sound Server-3: PulseAudio v: 15.0 running: yes
As for the 3.5mm jack problem. I’ve found a bug report while browsing this forum. Apparently, there was a change in a kernel source file
209045 – Headphone audio stopped working (no sound from 3.5mm jack-audio)
Sound from speakers no sound from 3.5mm jack-audio - #20 by ZeroAnarchy