Cannot switch kernel: errors "out of memory" and "you need to load the kernel first"

Bump – problem still persists. Does anybody have any more suggestions?
Without being able to boot a live iso, I could not even reinstall my system, could I? (Not that I would want to reinstall everything right now, but I need this possibility …)

When shutting down, I see these errors:

sd-umount[5741]: Failed to unmount /oldroot: Device or resource busy
sd-umount[5741]: Failed to unmount 22: No such file or directory
shutdown[1]: Failed to finalize file systems, ignoring.

This seems to be a known thing that I can just ignore (Failed to mount oldroot: Device or resource busy).
Could it have something to do with my kernel issue here?