If they went back to default settings, there probably was an issue with your user settings, which are within your home folder. Restoring the system may not have any effect, unless you changed Timeshift settings to also include your home folder – which doesn’t by default.
If you configured timeshift to take BTRFS snapshots of your system on the SSD, the partitions should be on the SSD – most likely the ones you found afterwards. In order to save snapshot on a distinct drive, you need to use the RSYNC mode.
As in, they were not readable? The content was corrupted? Or simply wouldn’t work with the latest browsers’ version?
Do you remember which kernels were installed?
If you kept EOL kernels installed, the update may have removed driver because of dependency incompatibility, since they couldn’t work with those kernels.
Did you do so manually, instead of using timeshift?
I believe the partition would have been reformatted anyway. AFAIK there is no option to “repair system” in calamares.