Repeated crashes with X11 on Intel TigerLake-LP GT2 [Iris Xe Graphics]

I have been experiencing repeated crashes on my fresh Manjaro install, usually when running GPU intensive applications such as video streaming or video calls.

System is running X11, but this happens more frequently if I switch to Wayland. I have reinstalled the OS, and the graphics drivers, but it keeps happening. Seems to be something to do with libc.so.6. Any chance switching from video-linux drivers to video-modesetting might help?

There is also a repeated error with the Bluetooth: Bluetooth: hci0: Malformed MSFT vendor event: 0x02, but I am not sure if that is related.

output of sudo journalctl -b -1 -p err :

Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device nvme0n1p2): ext4_orphan_get:1420:>
Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: ext4_test_bit(bit=5434, block=37748756) = 0
Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device nvme0n1p2): ext4_orphan_get:1420:>
Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: ext4_test_bit(bit=3816, block=36175892) = 0
Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device nvme0n1p2): ext4_orphan_get:1420:>
Aug 20 09:51:15 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: ext4_test_bit(bit=4727, block=34603028) = 0
Aug 20 09:51:18 finley-HPElitebook-850 kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Malformed MSFT vendor event: 0x02

Aug 20 09:51:21 finley-HPElitebook-850 systemd-coredump[850]: [🡕] Process 795 (Xorg) of user 0 dumped core.
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 795:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d503f4 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x963f4)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909cf7120 raise (libc.so.6 + 0x3d120)
                                                              #2  0x0000728909cde4c3 abort (libc.so.6 + 0x244c3)
                                                              #3  0x00005cb76fedb12e OsAbort (Xorg + 0x14b12e)
                                                              #4  0x00005cb76fedc5e7 FatalError (Xorg + 0x14c5e7)
                                                              #5  0x00005cb76fee3268 n/a (Xorg + 0x153268)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909cf71d0 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x3d1d0)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 826:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 829:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 830:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 825:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 837:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 838:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909d4aa19 n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x90a19)
                                                              #1  0x0000728909d4d479 pthread_cond_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x93479)
                                                              #2  0x0000728906ca21ee n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa21ee)
                                                              #3  0x0000728906c7f1cc n/a (iris_dri.so + 0x7f1cc)
                                                              #4  0x0000728906ca211d n/a (iris_dri.so + 0xa211d)
                                                              #5  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #6  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              
                                                              Stack trace of thread 845:
                                                              #0  0x0000728909dd38b2 epoll_wait (libc.so.6 + 0x1198b2)
                                                              #1  0x00005cb76fedad40 n/a (Xorg + 0x14ad40)
                                                              #2  0x00005cb76fede449 n/a (Xorg + 0x14e449)
                                                              #3  0x0000728909d4e39d n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x9439d)
                                                              #4  0x0000728909dd349c n/a (libc.so.6 + 0x11949c)
                                                              ELF object binary architecture: AMD x86-64

inxi:

System:
  Kernel: 6.9.12-1-MANJARO arch: x86_64 bits: 64 compiler: gcc v: 14.1.1
    clocksource: tsc avail: acpi_pm
    parameters: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-6.9-x86_64
    root=UUID=a89b2a3f-eb20-46cc-839b-28017c073760 rw quiet splash
    udev.log_priority=3
  Desktop: KDE Plasma v: 6.0.5 tk: Qt v: N/A info: frameworks v: 6.4.0
    wm: kwin_x11 vt: 2 dm: SDDM Distro: Manjaro base: Arch Linux
Machine:
  Type: Laptop System: HP product: HP EliteBook 850 G8 Notebook PC v: SBKPF
    serial: <superuser required> Chassis: type: 10 serial: <superuser required>
  Mobo: HP model: 8846 v: KBC Version 30.53.00 serial: <superuser required>
    part-nu: 1G1Y1AV uuid: <superuser required> UEFI: HP v: T76 Ver. 01.17.01
    date: 05/03/2024
Battery:
  ID-1: BAT0 charge: 46.6 Wh (100.0%) condition: 46.6/56.3 Wh (82.9%)
    volts: 12.5 min: 11.6 model: Hewlett-Packard Primary type: Li-ion
    serial: <filter> status: not charging cycles: 111
Memory:
  System RAM: total: 32 GiB available: 31.04 GiB used: 4.86 GiB (15.7%)
  Message: For most reliable report, use superuser + dmidecode.
  Array-1: capacity: 32 GiB slots: 2 modules: 2 EC: None
    max-module-size: 16 GiB note: est.
  Device-1: Bottom-Slot 1(left) type: DDR4 detail: synchronous size: 16 GiB
    speed: 3200 MT/s volts: curr: 1 width (bits): data: 64 total: 64
    manufacturer: Kingston part-no: HP32D4S2S8ME-16 serial: <filter>
  Device-2: Bottom-Slot 2(right) type: DDR4 detail: synchronous size: 16 GiB
    speed: 3200 MT/s volts: curr: 1 width (bits): data: 64 total: 64
    manufacturer: Kingston part-no: HP32D4S2S8ME-16 serial: <filter>
PCI Slots:
  Permissions: Unable to run dmidecode. Root privileges required.
CPU:
  Info: model: 11th Gen Intel Core i7-1185G7 bits: 64 type: MT MCP
    arch: Tiger Lake gen: core 11 level: v4 note: check built: 2020
    process: Intel 10nm family: 6 model-id: 0x8C (140) stepping: 1
    microcode: 0xB6
  Topology: cpus: 1x cores: 4 tpc: 2 threads: 8 smt: enabled cache:
    L1: 320 KiB desc: d-4x48 KiB; i-4x32 KiB L2: 5 MiB desc: 4x1.2 MiB
    L3: 12 MiB desc: 1x12 MiB
  Speed (MHz): avg: 967 high: 1196 min/max: 400/4800 scaling:
    driver: intel_pstate governor: powersave cores: 1: 938 2: 858 3: 1196
    4: 1105 5: 1004 6: 1123 7: 1115 8: 400 bogomips: 47936
  Flags: 3dnowprefetch abm acpi adx aes aperfmperf apic arat
    arch_capabilities arch_perfmon art avx avx2 avx512_bitalg avx512_vbmi2
    avx512_vnni avx512_vp2intersect avx512_vpopcntdq avx512bw avx512cd
    avx512dq avx512f avx512ifma avx512vbmi avx512vl bmi1 bmi2 bts cat_l2
    cdp_l2 clflush clflushopt clwb cmov constant_tsc cpuid cpuid_fault cx16
    cx8 de ds_cpl dtes64 dtherm dts epb ept ept_ad erms est f16c flexpriority
    flush_l1d fma fpu fsgsbase fsrm fxsr gfni ht hwp hwp_act_window hwp_epp
    hwp_notify hwp_pkg_req ibpb ibrs ibrs_enhanced ibt ida intel_pt invpcid
    lahf_lm lm mca mce md_clear mmx monitor movbe movdir64b movdiri msr mtrr
    nonstop_tsc nopl nx ospke pae pat pbe pcid pclmulqdq pdcm pdpe1gb pebs
    pge pku pln pni popcnt pse pse36 pts rdpid rdrand rdseed rdt_a rdtscp
    rep_good sdbg sep sha_ni smap smep smx split_lock_detect ss ssbd sse sse2
    sse4_1 sse4_2 ssse3 stibp syscall tm tm2 tme tpr_shadow tsc tsc_adjust
    tsc_deadline_timer tsc_known_freq umip user_shstk vaes vme vmx vnmi
    vpclmulqdq vpid x2apic xgetbv1 xsave xsavec xsaveopt xsaves xtopology
    xtpr
  Vulnerabilities:
  Type: gather_data_sampling mitigation: Microcode
  Type: itlb_multihit status: Not affected
  Type: l1tf status: Not affected
  Type: mds status: Not affected
  Type: meltdown status: Not affected
  Type: mmio_stale_data status: Not affected
  Type: reg_file_data_sampling status: Not affected
  Type: retbleed status: Not affected
  Type: spec_rstack_overflow status: Not affected
  Type: spec_store_bypass mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via
    prctl
  Type: spectre_v1 mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer
    sanitization
  Type: spectre_v2 mitigation: Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB:
    conditional; RSB filling; PBRSB-eIBRS: SW sequence; BHI: SW loop, KVM: SW
    loop
  Type: srbds status: Not affected
  Type: tsx_async_abort status: Not affected
Use of uninitialized value $unmatched_display[0] in hash element at /usr/bin/inxi line 19002.
Graphics:
  Device-1: Intel TigerLake-LP GT2 [Iris Xe Graphics] vendor: Hewlett-Packard
    driver: i915 v: kernel alternate: xe arch: Gen-12.1 process: Intel 10nm
    built: 2020-21 ports: active: eDP-1 empty: DP-1, DP-2, DP-3, DP-4,
    HDMI-A-1 bus-ID: 00:02.0 chip-ID: 8086:9a49 class-ID: 0300
  Device-2: Quanta HP HD Camera driver: uvcvideo type: USB rev: 2.0
    speed: 480 Mb/s lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 bus-ID: 3-2:2 chip-ID: 0408:5374
    class-ID: 0e02 serial: <filter>
  Display: x11 server: X.Org v: 21.1.13 with: Xwayland v: 24.1.1
    compositor: kwin_x11 driver: X: loaded: modesetting alternate: fbdev,vesa
    dri: iris gpu: evdi,i915 display-ID: :0 screens: 1
  Screen-1: 0 s-res: 5560x2112 s-dpi: 96 s-size: 1467x557mm (57.76x21.93")
    s-diag: 1569mm (61.78")
  Monitor-1: DVI-I-1 mapped: DVI-I-1-1 pos: top-left model: HP E232
    serial: <filter> built: 2017 res: 1080x1920 hz: 60 dpi: 96 gamma: 1.2
    chroma: red: x: 0.655 y: 0.337 green: x: 0.322 y: 0.608 blue: x: 0.149
    y: 0.059 white: x: 0.314 y: 0.329 size: 286x509mm (11.26x20.04")
    diag: 584mm (23") ratio: 16:9 modes: 1920x1080, 1680x1050, 1600x900,
    1280x1024, 1440x900, 1280x800, 1280x720, 1024x768, 800x600, 640x480
  Monitor-2: DVI-I-1 mapped: DVI-I-2-2 pos: primary,middle-c model: HP E232
    serial: <filter> built: 2017 res: 2560x1440 hz: 60 dpi: 109 gamma: 1.2
    chroma: red: x: 0.655 y: 0.337 green: x: 0.322 y: 0.608 blue: x: 0.149
    y: 0.059 white: x: 0.314 y: 0.329 size: 597x336mm (23.5x13.23")
    diag: 584mm (23") ratio: 16:9 modes: 1920x1080, 1680x1050, 1600x900,
    1280x1024, 1440x900, 1280x800, 1280x720, 1024x768, 800x600, 640x480
  Monitor-3: eDP-1 pos: bottom-r model: LG Display 0x071b built: 2021
    res: 1920x1080 hz: 60 dpi: 142 gamma: 1.2 chroma: red: x: 0.639 y: 0.329
    green: x: 0.306 y: 0.612 blue: x: 0.149 y: 0.055 white: x: 0.314 y: 0.329
    size: 344x194mm (13.54x7.64") diag: 395mm (15.5") ratio: 16:9
    modes: 1920x1080
  EDID-Warnings: 1: parse_edid: unknown flag 2
  API: EGL v: 1.5 hw: drv: intel iris platforms: device: 0 drv: iris
    device: 1 drv: swrast gbm: drv: iris surfaceless: drv: iris x11: drv: iris
    inactive: wayland
  API: OpenGL v: 4.6 compat-v: 4.5 vendor: intel mesa v: 24.1.5-manjaro1.1
    glx-v: 1.4 direct-render: yes renderer: Mesa Intel Xe Graphics (TGL GT2)
    device-ID: 8086:9a49 memory: 15.15 GiB unified: yes
  API: Vulkan v: 1.3.279 layers: 4 device: 0 type: integrated-gpu name: Intel
    Xe Graphics (TGL GT2) driver: mesa intel v: 24.1.5-manjaro1.1
    device-ID: 8086:9a49 surfaces: xcb,xlib
Audio:
  Device-1: Intel Tiger Lake-LP Smart Sound Audio vendor: Hewlett-Packard
    driver: sof-audio-pci-intel-tgl alternate: snd_hda_intel, snd_soc_avs,
    snd_sof_pci_intel_tgl bus-ID: 00:1f.3 chip-ID: 8086:a0c8 class-ID: 0401
  Device-2: DisplayLink ALOGIC DX2 Docking Station
    driver: cdc_ncm,snd-usb-audio,usbfs type: USB rev: 2.1 speed: 480 Mb/s
    lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 bus-ID: 3-6.1:6 chip-ID: 17e9:6000 class-ID: 0a00
    serial: <filter>
  API: ALSA v: k6.9.12-1-MANJARO status: kernel-api with: aoss
    type: oss-emulator tools: alsactl,alsamixer,amixer
  Server-1: JACK v: 1.9.22 status: off tools: N/A
  Server-2: PipeWire v: 1.2.2 status: active with: 1: pipewire-pulse
    status: active 2: wireplumber status: active 3: pipewire-alsa type: plugin
    tools: pactl,pw-cat,pw-cli,wpctl
Network:
  Device-1: Intel Wi-Fi 6 AX201 driver: iwlwifi v: kernel bus-ID: 00:14.3
    chip-ID: 8086:a0f0 class-ID: 0280
  IF: wlp0s20f3 state: down mac: <filter>
  IF-ID-1: enp0s20f0u6u1i5 state: up speed: 1000 Mbps duplex: half
    mac: <filter>
  IP v4: <filter> type: dynamic noprefixroute scope: global
    broadcast: <filter>
  IP v6: <filter> type: noprefixroute scope: link
  Info: services: NetworkManager, systemd-timesyncd, wpa_supplicant
  WAN IP: <filter>
Bluetooth:
  Device-1: Intel AX201 Bluetooth driver: btusb v: 0.8 type: USB rev: 2.0
    speed: 12 Mb/s lanes: 1 mode: 1.1 bus-ID: 3-10:5 chip-ID: 8087:0026
    class-ID: e001
  Report: rfkill ID: hci0 rfk-id: 0 state: up address: see --recommends
Logical:
  Message: No logical block device data found.
RAID:
  Hardware-1: Intel Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controller driver: vmd
    v: 0.6 port: N/A bus-ID: 00:0e.0 chip-ID: 8086:9a0b rev: class-ID: 0104
Drives:
  Local Storage: total: 476.94 GiB used: 200.73 GiB (42.1%)
  SMART Message: Required tool smartctl not installed. Check --recommends
  ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 maj-min: 259:0 vendor: Micron
    model: MTFDHBA512TDV-1AZ1AABHA size: 476.94 GiB block-size: physical: 512 B
    logical: 512 B speed: 31.6 Gb/s lanes: 4 tech: SSD serial: <filter>
    fw-rev: HPS0032 temp: 37.9 C scheme: GPT
  Message: No optical or floppy data found.
Partition:
  ID-1: / raw-size: 476.64 GiB size: 468.09 GiB (98.21%)
    used: 200.73 GiB (42.9%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/nvme0n1p2 maj-min: 259:2
    label: N/A uuid: a89b2a3f-eb20-46cc-839b-28017c073760
  ID-2: /boot/efi raw-size: 300 MiB size: 299.4 MiB (99.80%)
    used: 296 KiB (0.1%) fs: vfat dev: /dev/nvme0n1p1 maj-min: 259:1 label: N/A
    uuid: 8468-CFEB
  ID-3: /home/<filter>/GoogleDrive raw-size: N/A size: 100 TiB
    used: 48.31 TiB (48.3%) fs: fuse.rclone remote: gdrive:
Swap:
  Alert: No swap data was found.
Unmounted:
  Message: No unmounted partitions found.
USB:
  Hub-1: 1-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 1 rev: 2.0
    speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002
    class-ID: 0900
  Hub-2: 2-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 4 rev: 3.1
    speed: 10 Gb/s (1.16 GiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 3.2 gen-2x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003
    class-ID: 0900
  Hub-3: 3-0:1 info: hi-speed hub with single TT ports: 12 rev: 2.0
    speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 1d6b:0002
    class-ID: 0900
  Device-1: 3-2:2 info: Quanta HP HD Camera type: video driver: uvcvideo
    interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0
    power: 500mA chip-ID: 0408:5374 class-ID: 0e02 serial: <filter>
  Hub-4: 3-6:4 info: Genesys Logic Hub ports: 5 rev: 2.1
    speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 05e3:0610
    class-ID: 0900
  Device-1: 3-6.1:6 info: DisplayLink ALOGIC DX2 Docking Station
    type: audio,communication,CDC-data driver: cdc_ncm,snd-usb-audio,usbfs
    interfaces: 7 rev: 2.1 speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0
    power: 2mA chip-ID: 17e9:6000 class-ID: 0a00 serial: <filter>
  Device-2: 3-6.2:43 info: Holtek USB-HID Keyboard type: keyboard,HID
    driver: hid-generic,usbhid interfaces: 4 rev: 1.1 speed: 12 Mb/s (1.4 MiB/s)
    lanes: 1 mode: 1.1 power: 500mA chip-ID: 04d9:8008 class-ID: 0300
    serial: <filter>
  Hub-5: 3-6.4:8 info: Genesys Logic Hub ports: 3 rev: 2.1
    speed: 480 Mb/s (57.2 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 2.0 chip-ID: 05e3:0610
    class-ID: 0900
  Device-1: 3-6.5:9 info: Genesys Logic Billboard Device type: billboard
    driver: N/A interfaces: 1 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s (1.4 MiB/s) lanes: 1
    mode: 1.1 power: 96mA chip-ID: 05e3:0f01 class-ID: 1100 serial: <filter>
  Device-2: 3-10:5 info: Intel AX201 Bluetooth type: bluetooth driver: btusb
    interfaces: 2 rev: 2.0 speed: 12 Mb/s (1.4 MiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 1.1
    power: 100mA chip-ID: 8087:0026 class-ID: e001
  Hub-6: 4-0:1 info: super-speed hub ports: 4 rev: 3.1
    speed: 10 Gb/s (1.16 GiB/s) lanes: 1 mode: 3.2 gen-2x1 chip-ID: 1d6b:0003
    class-ID: 0900
Sensors:
  System Temperatures: cpu: 52.0 C mobo: N/A
  Fan Speeds (rpm): N/A
Repos:
  Packages: pm: pacman pkgs: 1610 libs: 363 tools: pamac,yay pm: flatpak
    pkgs: 0

Can you describe how the crash looks like? What happen…?

Also Switch to Kernel 6.10 or try out LTS Kernel 6.6… because 6.9 is EOL

I also recommend to Scan your ext4 partitions because of the errors.
Prepare a USB Stick with a new Manjaro ISO.

Hi Kobold,

Thanks for getting back to me.

Can you describe how the crash looks like? What happen…?

The screen freezes initially, then goes black. Sometimes (but not always) the LED on the Caps Lock key flashes, which I think is indicative if a kernel crash?

Also Switch to Kernel 6.10 or try out LTS Kernel 6.6… because 6.9 is EOL

I did previously have the same issue on 6.10 as well, though that was before my latest clean install, so I will switch back and see if it persists.

I also recommend to Scan your ext4 partitions because of the errors.

Will do.

Thanks again. I will update this reply if these actions do not solve the issue.