There’s an incompatibility with its sandbox of the old electron release they use and the glibc update to 2.35. Try running it with the --no-sandbox argument in terminal → teams --no-sandbox. If this works then you can follow the below steps to fix the issue:
mkdir -p "${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/applications"
cp -a "/usr/share/applications/teams.desktop" "${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/applications/teams.desktop"
sed -i -e 's,teams %U,teams --no-sandbox %U,' "${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}/applications/teams.desktop"
Now you should be able to launch teams as usual. In case you have Teams to start automatically at startup you must also run this:
sed -i -e 's,teams %U,teams --no-sandbox %U,' "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:-$HOME/.config}/autostart/teams.desktop"
Note that this method comes with some security risks so maybe you can use the web or flatpak version till the issue is resolved upstream.