This is the log
$ pamac update -a --force-refresh
Preparing...
Synchronizing package databases...
Refreshing core.db...
Refreshing extra.db...
Refreshing community.db...
Refreshing multilib.db...
Refreshing core.files...
Refreshing extra.files...
Refreshing community.files...
Refreshing multilib.files...
Refreshing AUR...
cp: cannot create regular file '/var/tmp/pamac/dbs/sync/community.files': Permission denied
cp: cannot create regular file '/var/tmp/pamac/dbs/sync/core.files': Permission denied
cp: cannot create regular file '/var/tmp/pamac/dbs/sync/extra.files': Permission denied
Warning: firefox: local (104.0-1) is newer than extra (103.0.2-1)
Warning: firefox-i18n-en-us: local (104.0-1) is newer than extra (103.0.2-1)
Warning: grub: local (2.06.r297.g0c6c1aff2-1) is newer than core (2.06.r261.g2f4430cc0-1)
Warning: inxi: local (3.3.21.1-1) is newer than community (3.3.20.1-1)
Warning: libopenmpt: local (0.6.5-1) is newer than extra (0.6.4-1)
Warning: libpciaccess: local (0.16-4) is newer than extra (0.16-3)
Warning: linux518: local (5.18.19-3) is newer than core (5.18.19-2)
Warning: linux518-headers: local (5.18.19-3) is newer than core (5.18.19-2)
Warning: linux518-nvidia: local (515.65.01-6) is newer than extra (515.65.01-5)
Warning: linux518-virtualbox-host-modules: local (6.1.36-11) is newer than extra (6.1.36-10)
Warning: linux518-zfs: local (2.1.5-19) is newer than extra (2.1.5-18)
Warning: mpd: local (0.23.9-1) is newer than extra (0.23.8-1)
Warning: opera: local (90.0.4480.54-1) is newer than community (90.0.4480.48-1)
Warning: pahole: local (1.24-1) is newer than extra (1.23-1)
Warning: python-astroid: local (2.12.3-1) is newer than community (2.12.2-1)
Warning: sdl2: local (2.24.0-1) is newer than extra (2.0.22-2)
Warning: sdl2_image: local (2.6.2-1) is newer than extra (2.6.1-1)
Warning: snapd-glib: local (1.61-1) is newer than extra (1.60-1)
Warning: sof-firmware: local (2.2.1-1) is newer than extra (2.2-1)
Warning: x264: local (3:0.164.r3095.baee400-4) is newer than extra (3:0.164.r3095.baee400-2)
Nothing to do.
Transaction successfully finished.