you can change /usr/share/sddm/themes/(theme_name)/components/Clock.qml or /usr/share/sddm/themes/(theme_name)/Clock.qml depending on where it is.
for example, /Clock.qml >>> Qt.formatTime:
text: Qt.formatTime(timeSource.data["Local"]["DateTime"])
change it to:
text: Qt.formatTime(timeSource.data["Local"]["DateTime"], "H:mm:ss")
save and reboot
then you will have a 24-hour clock which also display seconds