I have discovered the problem. The old linux install and new one had the same UUID, which seemed to only affect where GRUB was starting the kernel from. I just generated a new UUID for the old one with GParted and everything works now.
So nothing bad happened to your partition. In the case of btrfs and a kernel <6.7, both (!!!) partitions would now be destroyed (I’m speaking from my own experience).
Until kernel 6.7 btrfs didn’t forgive such mistakes. (2 partitions having the same UUID)