Note that 127.0.0.1 is your localhost as you know. The VPN is virtual network with a different IP address range. VPN tunnels all requests, but you can still access local network via IP, but not Domains (DNS).
So 127.0.0.1 must be the IP address on the virtual network and not your local network.
I highly doubt that this works like that on Windows with a VPN.
Okay I am now able to set up the connection using ssh (and not putty any more). In the ssh config, I defined several LocalForward entries which I took from the putty configurations.
I reset my hosts file to what it was before I changed it, because, like you said, those entries don’t look like they make any sense at all.
Now I have to open up a web site which should be accessible through my ssh connection, but my browser keeps showing me a <domain name>'s server IP address could not be found.
How can I tell my computer now, that when I want to open this one web link, it should get it through the ssh connection?
To make ssh able to forward port 443 I have to run it using sudo.
But still when I try to access <remotehostname> in the browser it can’t find the site.
When I set proxy settings in firefox to 127.0.0.1 for port 8080 and 443 I am able to access some kind of result from <remotehostname> through http, but not through https, which I think is the one I actually need.
So I feel like I am getting really close now, but need one last step to make it through!
edit: To make that clear, after connecting to my ssh server, all my network traffic seems to not use this ssh connection. I can tell this as my public IP address is still the same.