Thanks a lot! Due to your answer i have found the solution.
Firstly I have installed libxft.
This post from your second link said that the problem is in the colored-emoji fonts. I remembered, that one time I did steps from some tutorial to enable emoji in terminal. I go to the /etc/fonts/ and found file local.conf with the next content:
<fontconfig>
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>monospace</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="append" binding="weak"><string>Noto Color Emoji</string></edit>
</match>
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>serif</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong"><string>Noto Color Emoji</string></edit>
</match>
<match target="pattern">
<test qual="any" name="family"><string>sans-serif</string></test>
<edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong"><string>Noto Color Emoji</string></edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
After deleting it and rebooting, tkinter works fine. Also this fixed the problem with font of numbers – with such local.conf they showed as emoji.
For correct emoji settings above post also proposes this tutorial, which works for me.