Then better save your data and reinstall.
I have indeed saved all my data 
However, it turned out the mistake I made in chrooting was mistaking the live usb efi partition (/dev/sda1) for the hard drive one.(/dev/nvme0n1p1) Once that was sorted, I ran pacman -Syu linux515 on the chrooted system and rebooted, and everything very surprisingly now seems to be fine. I don’t know what caused the problems in the beginning, or whether the gpg problem has gone away. Pacman now claims there are no updates available, and I intend to avoid using it for a while even if it reports some…
Thanks to @megavolt, @mithrial, @dragan and @andreas85 for the help.
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Please update your system from time to time.
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