GNOME Shell crashes after login (xorg)

I don’t know why (since I haven’t done update recently), but I can’t log anymore to GNOME + Xorg.
The issue seems to be profile data dependent, since I created another profile and was able to login successfully.

Logs from journalctl:

Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[192163]: GNOME Shell started at Wed Aug 09 2023 21:33:22 GMT+0200 (Central European Summer Time)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[192163]: Registering session with GDM
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Connection to xwayland lost
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gdm-launch-environment][189969]: Gdm: GdmCommon: sending signal 15 to process 189984
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: GNOME Shell terminated with an error: Xwayland exited unexpectedly
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Xwayland terminated, exiting since it was mandatory
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: (../mutter/src/core/meta-context.c:501):meta_context_terminate: runtime check failed: (g_main_loop_is_running (priv->main_loop))
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Shutting down GNOME Shell
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-screensaver[190130]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.ScreensaverProxy: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-datetime[190121]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Datetime: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-power[190176]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Power: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: == Stack trace for context 0x5600e416ee10 ==
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #0   7fff9119b800 b   resource:///org/gnome/gjs/modules/core/overrides/GObject.js:708 (ee07a19a240 @ 25)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #1   7fff9119b8c0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:128 (ee07a1ab7e0 @ 21)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #2   7fff9119b9a0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:173 (ee07a1ab9c0 @ 35)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #3   7fff9119bab0 b   self-hosted:164 (ee07a191ab0 @ 272)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #4   7fff9119bb80 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:172 (ee07a1ab970 @ 135)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #5   5600e47c9bd8 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:124 (ee07a1ab790 @ 17)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #6   5600e47c9b18 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/ui/layout.js:240 (ee07a1cc600 @ 392)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: == Stack trace for context 0x5600e416ee10 ==
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #0   7fff9119b800 b   resource:///org/gnome/gjs/modules/core/overrides/GObject.js:708 (ee07a19a240 @ 25)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #1   7fff9119b8c0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:128 (ee07a1ab7e0 @ 21)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #2   7fff9119b9a0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:173 (ee07a1ab9c0 @ 35)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #3   7fff9119bab0 b   self-hosted:164 (ee07a191ab0 @ 272)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #4   7fff9119bb80 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:172 (ee07a1ab970 @ 135)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #5   5600e47c9bd8 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:124 (ee07a1ab790 @ 17)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #6   5600e47c9b18 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/ui/layout.js:240 (ee07a1cc600 @ 392)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: == Stack trace for context 0x5600e416ee10 ==
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #0   7fff9119b800 b   resource:///org/gnome/gjs/modules/core/overrides/GObject.js:708 (ee07a19a240 @ 25)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #1   7fff9119b8c0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:128 (ee07a1ab7e0 @ 21)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #2   7fff9119b9a0 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:173 (ee07a1ab9c0 @ 35)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #3   7fff9119bab0 b   self-hosted:164 (ee07a191ab0 @ 272)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #4   7fff9119bb80 b   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:172 (ee07a1ab970 @ 135)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #5   5600e47c9bd8 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/misc/signalTracker.js:124 (ee07a1ab790 @ 17)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor org.gnome.Shell.desktop[190001]: #6   5600e47c9b18 i   resource:///org/gnome/shell/ui/layout.js:240 (ee07a1cc600 @ 392)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Object Gdm.GreeterProxy (0x5600e47fec40), has been already disposed — impossible to access it. This might be caused by the object having been destroyed from C code using something such as destroy(), dispose(), or remove() vfuncs.
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: ../glib/gobject/gsignal.c:2778: instance '0x5600e47fec40' has no handler with id '15943'
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Object Gdm.GreeterProxy (0x5600e47fec40), has been already disposed — impossible to access it. This might be caused by the object having been destroyed from C code using something such as destroy(), dispose(), or remove() vfuncs.
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: ../glib/gobject/gsignal.c:2778: instance '0x5600e47fec40' has no handler with id '15944'
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: Object Gdm.GreeterProxy (0x5600e47fec40), has been already disposed — impossible to access it. This might be caused by the object having been destroyed from C code using something such as destroy(), dispose(), or remove() vfuncs.
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-shell[190001]: ../glib/gobject/gsignal.c:2778: instance '0x5600e47fec40' has no handler with id '15945'
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-media-keys[190126]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.MediaKeys: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-keyboard[190109]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Keyboard: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor pulseaudio[190074]: X11 I/O error handler called
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor pulseaudio[190074]: X11 I/O error exit handler called, preparing to tear down X11 modules
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-session-binary[189991]: WARNING: Application 'org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Sharing.desktop' killed by signal 15
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gnome-session[189991]: gnome-session-binary[189991]: WARNING: Application 'org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Sharing.desktop' killed by signal 15
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gsd-rfkill[190114]: Error releasing name org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Rfkill: The connection is closed
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gdm-launch-environment][189969]: Gdm: GdmCommon: process (pid:189984) done (status:0)
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gdm-launch-environment][189969]: Gdm: GdmSessionWorker: uninitializing PAM
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gdm-launch-environment][189969]: Gdm: GdmSessionWorker: state NONE
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor gdm-launch-environment][189969]: Gdm: Worker finished
Aug 09 21:33:25 rotor systemd[1]: Stopping Session 19 of User gdm...